U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- A Scoping-Level Field Monitoring Study of Synthetic Turf Fields and Playgrounds (PDF)
- Federal Research on Recycled Tire Crumb Used on Playing Fields - Multi-agency research on tire crumb rubber and exposure characterization by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in collaboration with the Consumer Product Safety Commission.
California
- Evaluation of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in Playground and Track Products (PDF)
- Chemicals and Particulates in the Air Above the New Generation of Artificial Turf Playing Fields and Artificial Turf as a Risk Factor for Infection by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) (PDF)
- Safety Study of Artificial Turf Containing Crumb Rubber Infill Made from Recycled Tires: Measurements of Chemicals and particulates in the Air, Bacteria in the Turf, and Skin Abrasions Caused by Contact with the Surface (PDF)
- Release of the draft report on Synthetic Turf and Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting - OEHHA
Connecticut
- Examination of Crumb Rubber Produced from Recycled Tires (PDF)
- Human Health Risk Assessment of Artificial Turf Fields Based Upon Results from Five Fields in Connecticut (PDF)
- Artificial Turf Field Investigation in Connecticut (PDF)
Massachusetts
New York
- Air Quality Survey Of Synthetic Turf Fields Containing Crumb Rubber Infill (PDF)
- An Assessment of Chemical Leaching, Releases to Air and Temperature at Crumb-Rubber Infilled Synthetic Turf Fields (PDF)
Netherlands
- Nitrosamines released from rubber crumb (PDF)
- Evaluation of health risks of playing sports on synthetic turf pitches with rubber granulate (PDF)
Norway
- Measurement of air pollution in indoor artificial turf sports halls (PDF)
- Artificial turf pitches – An assessment of the health risks for football players (PDF)
Other Studies
- Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review. Environmental Science & Technology. An article abstract (not open access), 48(4):2114-29, Cheng H, Hu Y, Reinhard M. 2014.
- Review of the Human Health & Ecological Safety of Exposure to Recycled Tire Rubber found at Playgrounds and Synthetic Turf Fields.(PDF). A 2013 document produced for the Rubber Manufacturers Association by the consulting firm Cardno ChemRisk.
- Synthetic Turf/Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber (nih.gov) Four final research reports conducted by the National Toxicology Program on chemical and physical characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo feasibility, and acute oral toxicity of synthetic turf/recycled tire crumb rubber
- Ruffino, B., et al. (2013). "Environmental-sanitary risk analysis procedure applied to artificial turf sports fields." Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 20(7): 4980-4992 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1390-2
- Peterson et al. (2018) “Comprehensive multipathway risk assessment of chemicals associated with recycled ("crumb") rubber in synthetic turf fields.” Environmental Research 160: 256-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.019.
Risk assessment on chemicals that have been found in tire crumb. - Massey, R., et al. (2020). Artificial turf infill: a comparative assessment of chemical contents. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 30(1), 10-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291120906206. Evaluation of other infill materials as alternatives to tire crumb
- Mohammed et al. (2023), “Hazard assessment study on organic compounds and heavy metals from using artificial turf.” Heliyon (9)4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14928. A hazard assessment on chemicals in artificial turf that are released in sunlight.
Additional Resources
- Artificial Turf - definition, health and safety concerns, recommendations, etc.
- Investigation of Reported Cancer Among Soccer Players in Washington State